Essentials of oceanography /

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Trujillo, Alan P.
Other Authors:	Thurman, Harold V.
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Boston : Pearson, [2014]
Edition:	Eleventh ed.
Subjects:	Oceanography > Textbooks. Oceanography. Meereskunde. Textbooks.

Table of Contents:

Machine generated contents note: 1.Introduction To Planet "Earth"
Essential Concepts
1.1.How Many Oceans Exist on Earth?
The Four Principal Oceans, Plus One
Oceans versus Seas: What Are the Seven Seas?
1.2.How Was Early Exploration Of the Oceans Achieved?
Early History
Diving Deeper 1.1 Historical Feature How Do Sailors Know Where They Are At Sea?: From Stick Charts to Satellites
The Middle Ages
The Age Of Discovery in Europe
The Beginning Of Voyaging for Science
History Of Oceanography ... To Be Continued
1.3.What Is the Nature Of Scientific Inquiry?
Observations
Hypothesis
Testing
Theory
Theories and the Truth
1.4.How Were Earth and the Solar System Formed?
The Nebular Hypothesis
Protoearth
Density and Density Stratification
Earth's Internal Structure
1.5.How Were Earth's Atmosphere and Oceans Formed?
Origin Of Earth's Atmosphere
Origin Of Earth's Oceans
1.6.Did Life Begin in the Oceans?
The Importance Of Oxygen to Life
Stanley Miller's Experiment
Evolution and Natural Selection
Plants and Animals Evolve
Diving Deeper 1.2 Historical Feature The Voyage Of HMS Beagle: How It Shaped Charles Darwin's Thinking About the Theory Of Evolution
1.7.How Old Is Earth?
Radiometric Age Dating
The Geologic Time Scale
Essential Concepts Review
2.Plate Tectonics And The Ocean Floor
Essential Concepts
2.1.What Evidence Supports Continental Drift?
Fit Of the Continents
Matching Sequences Of Rocks and Mountain Chains
Glacial Ages and Other Climate Evidence
Distribution Of Organisms
Objections to the Continental Drift Model
2.2.What Evidence Supports Plate Tectonics?
Earth's Magnetic Field and Paleomagnetism
Diving Deeper 2.1 Research Methods In Oceanography Do Sea Turtles (and Other Animals) Use Earth's Magnetic Field for Navigation?
Sea Floor Spreading and Features Of the Ocean Basins
Other Evidence from the Ocean Basins
The Acceptance Of a Theory
2.3.What Features Occur at Plate Boundaries?
Divergent Boundary Features
Convergent Boundary Features
Transform Boundary Features
2.4.Testing the Model: What Are Some Applications Of Plate Tectonics?
Hotspots and Mantle Plumes
Seamounts and Tablemounts
Coral Reef Development
Detecting Plate Motion with Satellites
2.5.How Has Earth Changed in the Past, and How Will it Look in the Future?
The Past: Paleogeography
The Future: Some Bold Predictions
2.6.How Can Plate Tectonics Be Used As A Working Model?
Diving Deeper 2.2 Historical Feature Ophiolites: A Gift From the Sea Floor to the Bronze Age
Essential Concepts Review
3.Marine Provinces
Essential Concepts
3.1.What Techniques Are Used to Determine Ocean Bathymetry?
Soundings
Echo Soundings
Using Satellites to Map Ocean Properties from Space
Seismic Reflection Profiles
3.2.What Features Exist on Continental Margins?
Passive versus Active Continental Margins
Continental Shelf
Continental Slope
Submarine Canyons and Turbidity Currents
Continental Rise
3.3.What Features Exist in the Deep-Ocean Basins?
Abyssal Plains
Volcanic Peaks Of the Abyssal Plains
Ocean Trenches and Volcanic Arcs
3.4.What Features Exist Along the Mid-Ocean Ridge?
Volcanic Features
Diving Deeper 3.1 Research Methods In Oceanography Earth's Hypsographic Curve: Nearly Everything You Need to Know About Earth's Oceans and Landmasses in One Graph
Hydrothermal Vents
Fracture Zones and Transform Faults
Diving Deeper 3.2 Research Methods In Oceanography Now You See it, Now You Don't: Recovering Oceanographic Equipment Stuck in Lava
Oceanic Islands
Essential Concepts Review
4.Marine Sediments
Essential Concepts
4.1.How Are Marine Sediments Collected, and What Historical Events Do they Reveal?
Collecting Marine Sediments
Environmental Conditions Revealed by Marine Sediments
Paleoceanography
4.2.What Are the Characteristics Of Lithogenous Sediment?
Origin Of Lithogenous Sediment
Composition Of Lithogenous Sediment
Sediment Texture
Distribution Of Lithogenous Sediment
4.3.What Are the Characteristics Of Biogenous Sediment?
Origin Of Biogenous Sediment
Composition Of Biogenous Sediment
Diving Deeper 4.1 Oceans And People Diatoms: The Most Important Things You Have (Probably) Never Heard Of
Distribution Of Biogenous Sediment
4.4.What Are the Characteristics Of Hydrogenous Sediment?
Origin Of Hydrogenous Sediment
Composition and Distribution Of Hydrogenous Sediment
4.5.What Are the Characteristics Of Cosmogenous Sediment?
Origin, Composition, and Distribution Of Cosmogenous Sediment
4.6.How Are Pelagic and Neritic Deposits Distributed?
Mixtures Of Marine Sediment
Neritic Deposits
Pelagic Deposits
How Sea Floor Sediments Represent Surface Conditions
Worldwide Thickness Of Marine Sediments
4.7.What Resources Do Marine Sediments Provide?
Energy Resources
Other Resources
Essential Concepts Review
5.Water And Seawater
Essential Concepts
5.1.Why Does Water Have Such Unusual Chemical Properties?
Atomic Structure
The Water Molecule
5.2.What Other Important Properties Does Water Possess?
Water's Thermal Properties
Water Density
5.3.How Salty Is Seawater?
Salinity
Determining Salinity
Diving Deeper 5.1 Oceans And People How to Avoid Goiters
Comparing Pure Water and Seawater
5.4.Why Does Seawater Salinity Vary?
Salinity Variations
Processes Affecting Seawater Salinity
Dissolved Components Added to and Removed from Seawater
5.5.Is Seawater Acidic or Basic?
The pH Scale
The Carbonate Buffering System
5.6.How Does Seawater Salinity Vary at the Surface and With Depth?
Surface Salinity Variation
Salinity Variation with Depth
Halocline
5.7.How Does Seawater Density Vary With Depth?
Factors Affecting Seawater Density
Temperature and Density Variation with Depth
Thermocline and Pycnocline
5.8.What Methods Are Used to Desalinate Seawater?
Distillation
Membrane Processes
Other Methods Of Desalination
Essential Concepts Review
6.Air-Sea Interaction
Essential Concepts
6.1.What Causes Variations in Solar Radiation on Earth?
What Causes Earth's Seasons?
How Latitude Affects the Distribution Of Solar Radiation
Oceanic Heat Flow
6.2.What Physical Properties Does the Atmosphere Possess?
Composition Of the Atmosphere
Temperature Variation in the Atmosphere
Density Variation in the Atmosphere
Atmospheric Water Vapor Content
Atmospheric Pressure
Movement Of the Atmosphere
An Example: A Nonspinning Earth
6.3.How Does the Coriolis Effect Influence Moving Objects?
Example 1: Perspectives and Frames Of Reference on a Merry-Go-Round
Example 2: A Tale Of Two Missiles
Changes in the Coriolis Effect with Latitude
6.4.What Global Atmospheric Circulation Patterns Exist?
Circulation Cells
Pressure
Wind Belts
Boundaries
Circulation Cells: Idealized or Real?
6.5.What Weather and Climate Patterns Occur in the Oceans?
Weather versus Climate
Winds
Diving Deeper 6.1 Historical Feature Why Christopher Columbus Never Set Foot on North America
Storms and Fronts
Tropical Cyclones (Hurricanes)
The Ocean's Climate Patterns
6.6.How Do Sea Ice and Icebergs Form?
Formation Of Sea Ice
Formation Of Icebergs
6.7.Can Power from Wind Be Harnessed as a Source Of Energy?
Essential Concepts Review
7.Ocean Circulation
Essential Concepts
7.1.How Are Ocean Currents Measured?
Surface Current Measurement
Diving Deeper 7.1 Oceans And People Running Shoes as Drift Meters: Just Do It
Deep Current Measurement
7.2.How Are Ocean Surface Currents Organized?
Origin Of Surface Currents
Main Components Of Ocean Surface Circulation
Other Factors Affecting Ocean Surface Circulation
Ocean Currents and Climate
7.3.What Causes Upwelling and Downwelling?
Diverging Surface Water
Converging Surface Water
Coastal Upwelling and Downwelling
Other Causes Of Upwelling
7.4.What Are The Main Surface Circulation Patterns in Each Ocean Basin?
Antarctic Circulation
Atlantic Ocean Circulation
Diving Deeper 7.2 Historical Feature Benjamin Franklin: The World's Most Famous Physical Oceanographer
Indian Ocean Circulation
Pacific Ocean Circulation
7.5.What Deep-Ocean Currents Exist?
Origin Of Thermohaline Circulation
Sources Of Deep Water
Worldwide Deep-Water Circulation
7.6.Can Power from Currents Be Harnessed as A Source Of Energy?
Essential Concepts Review
8.Waves And Water Dynamics
Essential Concepts
8.1.How Are Waves Generated, and How Do They Move?
Disturbances Generate Ocean Waves
Wave Movement
8.2.What Characteristics Do Waves Possess?
Wave Terminology
Circular Orbital Motion
Deep-Water Waves
Shallow-Water Waves
Transitional Waves
8.3.How Do Wind-Generated Waves Develop?
Wave Development
Interference Patterns
Rogue Waves
8.4.How Do Waves Change in the Surf Zone?
Physical Changes as Waves Approach Shore
Breakers and Surfing
Wave Refraction
Wave Reflection
8.5.How Are Tsunami Created?
Coastal Effects
Some Examples Of Historic and Recent Tsunami
Diving Deeper 8.1 Oceans And People Waves Of Destruction: The 2011 Japanese Tsunami
Tsunami Warning System
8.6.Can Power from Waves Be Harnessed as a Source Of Energy?
Wave Power Plants and Wave Farms
Global Coastal Wave Energy Resources
Essential Concepts Review
9.Tides
Essential Concepts
9.1.What Causes Ocean Tides?
Tide-Generating Forces
Tidal Bulges: The Moon's Effect
Tidal Bulges: The Sun's Effect
Earth's Rotation and the Tides
9.2.How Do Tides Vary During a Monthly Tidal Cycle?
The Monthly Tidal Cycle
Complicating Factors
Idealized Tide Prediction
Note continued: 9.3.What Do Tides Look Like in the Ocean?
Amphidromic Points and Cotidal Lines
Effect Of the Continents
Other Considerations
9.4.What Types Of Tidal Patterns Exist?
Diurnal Tidal Pattern
Semidiurnal Tidal Pattern
Mixed Tidal Pattern
9.5.What Tidal Phenomena Occur in Coastal Regions?
Diving Deeper 9.1 Oceans And People Tidal Bores: Boring Waves These Are Not!
An Example Of Tidal Extremes: The Bay Of Fundy
Coastal Tidal Currents
Whirlpools: Fact or Fiction?
Grunion: Doing What Comes Naturally on the Beach
9.6.Can Tidal Power Be Harnessed as a Source Of Energy?
Tidal Power Plants
Essential Concepts Review
10.The Coast: Beaches And Shoreline Processes
Essential Concepts
10.1.How Are Coastal Regions Defined?
Beach Terminology
Beach Composition
10.2.How Does Sand Move on the Beach?
Movement Perpendicular to the Shoreline
Movement Parallel to the Shoreline
10.3.What Features Exist Along Erosional and Depositional Shores?
Features Of Erosional Shores
Diving Deeper 10.1 Oceans And People Warning: Rip Currents ... Do You Know What to Do?
Features Of Depositional Shores
10.4.How Do Changes in Sea Level Produce Emerging and Submerging Shorelines?
Features Of Emerging Shorelines
Features Of Submerging Shorelines
Changes in Sea Level
10.5.What Characteristics Do U.S. Coasts Exhibit?
The Atlantic Coast
The Gulf Coast
The Pacific Coast
10.6.How Does Hard Stabilization Affect Coastlines?
Groins and Groin Fields
Jetties
Breakwaters
Seawalls
Alternatives to Hard Stabilization
Essential Concepts Review
11.The Coastal Ocean
Essential Concepts
11.1.What Laws Govern Ocean Ownership?
Mare Liberum and the Territorial Sea
Law Of the Sea
11.2.What Characteristics Do Coastal Waters Exhibit?
Salinity
Temperature
Coastal Geostrophic Currents
11.3.What Types Of Coastal Waters Exist?
Estuaries
Lagoons
Marginal Seas
11.4.What Issues Face Coastal Wetlands?
Types Of Coastal Wetlands
Characteristics Of Coastal Wetlands
Serious Loss Of Valuable Wetlands
11.5.What Is Pollution?
Marine Pollution: A Definition
Environmental Bioassay
The Issue Of Waste Disposal in the Ocean
11.6.What Are the Main Types Of Marine Pollution?
Petroleum
Diving Deeper 11.1 Focus On The Environment The 2010 Gulf Of Mexico Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
Sewage Sludge
DDT and PCBs
Mercury and Minamata Disease
Nonpoint Source Pollution and Trash
Biological Pollution: Non-Native Species
Essential Concepts Review
12.Marine Life And The Marine Environment
Essential Concepts
12.1.What Are Living Things, and How Are They Classified?
A Working Definition Of Life
The Three Domains Of Life
The Five Kingdoms Of Organisms
Linnaeus and Taxonomic Classification
12.2.How Are Marine Organisms Classified?
Plankton (Drifters)
Nekton (Swimmers)
Benthos (Bottom Dwellers)
12.3.How Many Marine Species Exist?
Why Are There So Few Marine Species?
Species in Pelagic and Benthic Environments
12.4.How Are Marine Organisms Adapted for the Physical Conditions Of the Ocean?
Need for Physical Support
Water's Viscosity
Temperature
Salinity
Dissolved Gases
Water's High Transparency
Pressure
Diving Deeper 12.1 Historical Feature Diving into the Marine Environment
12.5.What Are the Main Divisions Of the Marine Environment?
Pelagic (Open Sea) Environment
Benthic (Sea Bottom) Environment
Essential Concepts Review
13.Biological Productivity And Energy Transfer
Essential Concepts
13.1.What Is Primary Productivity?
Measurement Of Primary Productivity
Factors Affecting Primary Productivity
Light Transmission in Ocean Water
Why Are the Margins Of the Oceans So Rich in Life?
13.2.What Kinds Of Photosynthetic Marine Organisms Exist?
Seed-Bearing Plants (Anthophyta)
Macroscopic (Large) Algae
Microscopic (Small) Algae
Ocean Eutrophication and Dead Zones
Photosynthetic Bacteria
13.3.How Does Regional Primary Productivity Vary?
Productivity in Polar (High Latitude) Oceans
Productivity in Tropical (Low-Latitude) Oceans
Productivity in Middle Latitude (Temperate) Oceans
Comparing Regional Productivity
13.4.How Are Energy and Nutrients Passed Along in Marine Ecosystems?
Flow Of Energy in Marine Ecosystems
Flow Of Nutrients in Marine Ecosystems
Oceanic Feeding Relationships
13.5.What Issues Affect Marine Fisheries?
Marine Ecosystems and Fisheries
Overfishing
Diving Deeper 13.1 Focus On The Environment Fishing Down the Food Web: Seeing Is Believing
Incidental Catch
Fisheries Management
Seafood Choices
Essential Concepts Review
14.Animals Of The Pelagic Environment
Essential Concepts
14.1.How Are Marine Organisms Able to Stay Above the Ocean Floor?
Use Of Gas Containers
Ability to Float
Ability to Swim
The Diversity Of Planktonic Animals
14.2.What Adaptations Do Pelagic Organisms Possess for Seeking Prey?
Mobility: Lungers versus Cruisers
Swimming Speed
Diving Deeper 14.1 Oceans And People Some Myths (and Facts) About Sharks
Cold-Blooded versus Warm-Blooded Organisms
Adaptations Of Deep-Water Nekton
14.3.What Adaptations Do Pelagic Organisms Possess to Avoid Being Prey?
Schooling
Symbiosis
Other Adaptations
14.4.What Characteristics Do Marine Mammals Possess?
Mammalian Characteristics
Order Carnivora
Order Sirenia
Order Cetacea
14.5.An Example Of Migration: Why Do Gray Whales Migrate?
Migration Route
Reasons for Migration
Timing Of Migration
Are Gray Whales an Endangered Species?
Whaling and the International Whaling Commission
Essential Concepts Review
15.Animals Of The Benthic Environment
Essential Concepts
15.1.What Communities Exist along Rocky Shores?
Intertidal Zonation
The Spray (Supratidal) Zone: Organisms and Their Adaptations
The High Tide Zone: Organisms and Their Adaptations
The Middle Tide Zone: Organisms and Their Adaptations
The Low Tide Zone: Organisms and Their Adaptations
15.2.What Communities Exist along Sediment-Covered Shores?
Physical Environment Of the Sediment
Intertidal Zonation
Sandy Beaches: Organisms and Their Adaptations
Mud Flats: Organisms and Their Adaptations
15.3.What Communities Exist on the Shallow Offshore Ocean Floor?
Rocky Bottoms (Subtidal): Organisms and Their Adaptations
Coral Reefs: Organisms and Their Adaptations
15.4.What Communities Exist on the Deep-Ocean Floor?
The Physical Environment
Food Sources and Species Diversity
Diving Deeper 15.1 Research Methods In Oceanography How Long Would Your Remains Remain on the Sea Floor?
Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Biocommunities: Organisms and Their Adaptations
Low-Temperature Seep Biocommunities: Organisms and Their Adaptations
The Deep Biosphere: A New Frontier
Essential Concepts Review
16.The Oceans And Climate Change
Essential Concepts
16.1.What Comprises Earth's Climate System?
16.2.Earth's Recent Climate Change: Is It Natural or Caused by Human Influence?
Determining Earth's Past Climate: Proxy Data and Paleoclimatology
Natural Causes Of Climate Change
The IPCC: Documenting Human-Caused Climate Change
16.3.What Causes the Atmosphere's Greenhouse Effect?
Earth's Heat Budget and Changes in Wavelength
Which Gases Contribute to the Greenhouse Effect?
What Documented Changes Are Occurring Because Of Global Warming?
16.4.What Changes Are Occurring in the Oceans as a Result Of Global Warming?
Increasing Ocean Temperatures
Diving Deeper 16.1 Focus On The Environment The ATOC Experiment: SOFAR So Good?
Increasing Hurricane Activity
Changes in Deep-Water Circulation
Melting Of Polar Ice
Recent Increase in Ocean Acidity
Rising Sea Level
Other Predicted and Observed Changes
16.5.What Should Be Done to Reduce Greenhouse Gases?
The Ocean's Role in Reducing Global Warming
Possibilities for Reducing Greenhouse Gases
The Kyoto Protocol: Limiting Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Essential Concepts Review.