http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
Investigating the Effect of Oil Saturation on Acid Propagation during Matrix Acidization of Carbonate Rocks
The existence of an optimum injection rate for wormhole propagation, and face dissolution at low injection rates during matrix acidizing are well established. However, little has been documented that describes how the presence of residual oil affects carbonate acidizing. This study demonstrates the impact of oil saturation on wormholing characteristics while acidizing field and outcrop cores under reservoir conditions (200°F). Knowledge of the effect of different saturation conditions on acid performance will contribute towards designing more effective acid treatments. Coreflood experiments at flow rates ranging from 0.5 to 20 cm³/min were performed to determine the optimum injection rate for wormhole propagation when acidizing homogeneous calcite and dolomite reservoir cores, and low permeability Indiana limestone cores of dimensions 3 and 6 in. length and 1.5 in. diameter. Absolute permeability of the cores ranged from 1 to 78 md. The study involved acidizing cores saturated with water, oil, and waterflood residual oil using 15 wt% HCl. The viscosity of the crude oil used was 3.8 cP at 200°F. CAT scans were used to characterize wormholes through the cores. The concentrations of the dissolved calcium and magnesium ions were measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and the effluent samples were titrated to determine the concentration of the acid. HCl was effective in creating wormholes with minimal branches for cores with residual oil (Sor=0.4-0.5) at injection rates 0.5 to 20 cm³/min. Compared to brine and oil saturated cores, waterflood residual oil cores took less acid volume to cause breakthrough. Additionally, the wormholing efficiency of regular acid improved with increases in acid injection rates in the presence of residual oil. A decrease in acid pore volumes to breakthrough for oil saturated cores was noted at high acid injection rates, which could be attributed to viscous fingering of acid through oil. Unlike brine saturated and oil saturated cores, waterflood residual oil cores showed no face dissolution at low acid injection rates. Conclusions from this work aid in the designing of better acid jobs by highlighting the impact of oil saturation on wormholing characteristics of acid while acidizing carbonate rocks. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/152452
Master of Science Texas A & M University 2014 http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/152452