Cover Image

Introduction to geography.

Show other versions (1)

This text written to clearly and concisely convey the nature of the field of geography, its intellectual challenges, and the logical interconnections of its parts. Even if students take no further work in geography, they will have come into contact with the richness and breadth of Geography and have...

Full description

Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Getis, Arthur, 1934- (Author), Bjelland, Mark D. (Author), Getis, Victoria, 1966- (Author)
Format: Book
Language:English
Published: New York : McGraw-Hill Education, [2014]
Edition:Fourteenth edition /
Subjects:
Geography > Textbooks.
Geographie.
Geography.
Textbooks.
Table of Contents:
  • Machine generated contents note: ch. 1 Introduction
  • 1.1. What is Geography?
  • 1.2. Evolution of the Discipline
  • Subfields of Geography
  • Why Geography Matters
  • 1.3. Some Core Geographic Concepts
  • Location, Direction, and Distance
  • Size and Scale
  • Physical and Cultural Attributes
  • Attributes of Place Are Always Changing
  • Interrelations between Places
  • Place Similarity and Regions
  • 1.4. Geography's Themes and Standards
  • 1.5.Organization of This Book
  • Key Words
  • Thinking Geographically
  • ch. 2 Techniques of Geographic Analysis
  • 2.1. Maps as the Tools of Geography
  • 2.2. Locating Points on a Sphere
  • The Geographic Grid
  • Land Survey Systems
  • 2.3. Map Projections
  • Area
  • Shape
  • Distance
  • Direction
  • 2.4. Scale
  • 2.5. Types of Maps
  • Topographic Maps and Terrain Representation
  • Thematic Maps and Data Representation
  • Map Misuse
  • 2.6. Contemporary Spatial Technologies
  • Remote Sensing
  • The Global Positioning System.
  • Contents note continued: Geography & Public Policy: Civilian Spy Satellites
  • Virtual and Interactive Maps
  • 2.7. Integrating Technology: Geographic Information Systems
  • Geography & Public Policy: An Invasion of Privacy?
  • The Geographic Database
  • Applications of GIS
  • Systems, Maps, and Models
  • Summary of Key Concepts
  • Key Words
  • Thinking Geographically
  • ch. 3 Physical Geography: Landforms
  • 3.1. Earth Materials
  • Igneous Rocks
  • Sedimentary Rocks
  • Metamorphic Rocks
  • 3.2. Geologic Time
  • 3.3. Movements of the Continents
  • 3.4. Tectonic Forces
  • Diastrophism
  • Volcanism
  • 3.5. Gradational Processes
  • Weathering
  • Mass Movement
  • Erosional Agents and Deposition
  • 3.6. Landform Regions
  • Geography & Public Policy: Beaches on the Brink
  • Summary of Key Concepts
  • Key Words
  • Thinking Geographically
  • ch. 4 Physical Geography: Weather and Climate
  • 4.1. Air Temperature
  • Earth Inclination
  • Reflection and Reradiation
  • Lapse Rate.
  • Contents note continued: 4.2. Air Pressure and Winds
  • Pressure Gradient Force
  • The Convection System
  • Land and Sea Breezes
  • Mountain and Valley Breezes
  • The Coriolis Effect
  • The Frictional Effect
  • The Global Air-Circulation Pattern
  • 4.3. Ocean Currents
  • 4.4. Moisture in the Atmosphere
  • Types of Precipitation
  • Storms
  • 4.5. Climate Regions
  • Tropical Climates (A)
  • Dryland Climates (B)
  • Humid Midlatitude Climates (C)
  • Humid Continental Climates (D)
  • Arctic Climates (E)
  • Highland Climates (H)
  • 4.6. Climate Change
  • Long-Term Climate Change
  • Short-Term Climate Change
  • The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
  • Summary of Key Concepts
  • Key Words
  • Thinking Geographically
  • ch. 5 Population Geography
  • 5.1. Population Growth
  • 5.2. Population Definitions
  • Birth Rates
  • Fertility Rates
  • Death Rates
  • Population Pyramids
  • Natural Increase and Doubling Times
  • 5.3. The Demographic Transition
  • The Western Experience.
  • Contents note continued: A Divided World, A Converging World
  • Geography & Public Policy: International Population Policies
  • 5.4. The Demographic Equation
  • Population Relocation
  • Immigration Impacts
  • 5.5. World Population Distribution
  • Population Density
  • Overpopulation?
  • 5.6. Population Data and Projections
  • Population Data
  • Population Projections
  • 5.7. Population Controls
  • 5.8. Population Prospects
  • Momentum
  • Aging
  • Summary of Key Concepts
  • Key Words
  • Thinking Geographically
  • ch. 6 Cultural Geography
  • 6.1.Components of Culture
  • 6.2. Subsystems of Culture
  • The Technological Subsystem
  • The Sociological Subsystem
  • The Ideological Subsystem
  • 6.3. Interaction of People and Environment
  • Environments as Controls
  • Human Impacts
  • 6.4. Culture Change
  • Innovation
  • Diffusion
  • Acculturation
  • 6.5. Cultural Diversity
  • 6.6. Language
  • Language Spread and Change
  • Standard and Variant Languages
  • Language and Culture
  • 6.7. Religion.
  • Contents note continued: Classification and Distribution of Religions
  • Geography & Public Policy: An Official U.S. Language?
  • The Principal Religions
  • 6.8. Ethnicity
  • 6.9. Gender and Culture
  • 6.10. Other Aspects of Diversity
  • Summary of Key Concepts
  • Key Words
  • Thinking Geographically
  • ch. 7 Human Interaction
  • 7.1. The Definition of Human Interaction
  • 7.2. Distance and Human Interaction
  • 7.3. Barriers to Interaction
  • 7.4. Human Interaction and Innovation
  • 7.5. Individual Activity Space
  • Stage in Life
  • Mobility
  • Opportunities
  • 7.6. Diffusion and Innovation
  • Contagious Diffusion
  • Hierarchical Diffusion
  • 7.7. Human Interaction and Technology
  • Automobiles
  • Telecommunications
  • 7.8. Migration
  • Types of Migration
  • Incentives to Migrate
  • Barriers to Migration
  • Geography & Public Policy: Broken Borders
  • Patterns of Migration
  • 7.9. Globalization, Integration, and Interaction
  • Economic Integration
  • Political Integration.
  • Contents note continued: Cultural Integration
  • Summary of Key Concepts
  • Key Words
  • Thinking Geographically
  • ch. 8 Political Geography
  • 8.1. National Political Systems
  • States, Nations, and Nation-States
  • Evolution of the Modern State
  • Challenges to the State
  • Geographic Characteristics of States
  • Boundaries: The Limits of the State
  • Centripetal Forces: Promoting State Cohesion
  • Centrifugal Forces: Challenges to State Authority
  • 8.2. Cooperation Among States
  • Supranationalism
  • The United Nations and Its Agencies
  • Regional Alliances
  • 8.3. Local and Regional Political Organization
  • The Geography of Representation: The Districting Problem
  • The Fragmentation of Political Power
  • Geography & Public Policy: Environmental Justice
  • Summary of Key Concepts
  • Key Words
  • Thinking Geographically
  • ch. 9 Economic Geography: Agriculture and Primary Activities
  • 9.1. The Classification of Economic Activity and Economies
  • Categories of Activity.
  • Contents note continued: Types of Economic Systems
  • Stages of Development
  • 9.2. Primary Activities: Agriculture
  • Subsistence Agriculture
  • Expanding Crop Production
  • Commercial Agriculture
  • 9.3. Other Primary Activities
  • Fishing
  • Forestry
  • Mining and Quarrying
  • Geography & Public Policy: Public Land, Private Profit
  • 9.4. Trade in Primary Products
  • Summary of Key Concepts
  • Key Words
  • Thinking Geographically
  • ch. 10 Economic Geography: Manufacturing and Services
  • 10.1. Industrial Location Theory
  • Weber's Least-Cost Industrial Location Model
  • Other Locational Considerations
  • 10.2. World Manufacturing Patterns and Trends
  • 10.3. High-Tech Innovation
  • 10.4. Transnational Corporations
  • 10.5. Tertiary Activities
  • Types of Service Activities
  • Locational Interdependence Theory for Services
  • 10.6. Consumer Services
  • Tourism
  • Geography & Public Policy: Contests and Bribery
  • Gambling
  • 10.7. Business Services
  • Summary of Key Concepts.
  • Contents note continued: Key Words
  • Thinking Geographically
  • ch. 11 An Urban World
  • 11.1. An Urbanizing World
  • 11.2. Origins and Evolution of Cities
  • Defining the City Today
  • The Location of Urban Settlements
  • The Economic Base
  • 11.3. Functions of Cities
  • Cities as Central Markets
  • Cities as Centers of Production and Services
  • Cities as Centers of Administration and Institutions
  • 11.4. Systems of Cities
  • The Urban Hierarchy
  • Rank-Size Relationships
  • World Cities
  • 11.5. Inside The City
  • Classic Patterns of Land Use
  • Changes in Urban Form
  • Geography & Public Policy: The Homeless
  • Social Areas of Cities
  • Institutional Controls
  • 11.6. Global Urban Diversity
  • Western European Cities
  • Eastern European Cities
  • Rapidly Growing Cities in the Developing World
  • Summary of Key Concepts
  • Key Words
  • Thinking Geographically
  • ch. 12 The Geography of Natural Resources
  • 12.1. Resource Terminology
  • Renewable Resources.
  • Contents note continued: Nonrenewable Resources
  • Resource Reserves
  • 12.2. Energy Resources and Industrialization
  • 12.3. Nonrenewable Energy Resources
  • Crude Oil
  • Coal
  • Natural Gas
  • Geography & Public Policy: Fuel Economy and CAFE Standards
  • Oil Shale and Oil Sands
  • Nuclear Energy
  • 12.4. Renewable Energy Resources
  • Biomass Fuels
  • Hydropower
  • Solar Energy
  • Other Renewable Energy Resource
  • Geography & Public Policy: Dammed Trouble
  • 12.5. Nonfuel Mineral Resources
  • The Distribution of Nonfuel Minerals
  • Copper: A Case Study
  • 12.6. Land Resources
  • Soils
  • Wetlands
  • Forest Resources
  • 12.7. Resource Management
  • Summary of Key Concepts
  • Key Words
  • Thinking Geographically
  • ch. 13 Human Impact on the Environment
  • 13.1. Ecosystems
  • 13.2. Impacts on Water
  • Availability of Water
  • Modification of Streams
  • Water Quality
  • Agricultural Sources of Water Pollution
  • Other Sources of Water Pollution
  • Controlling Water Pollution.
  • Contents note continued: 13.3. Impacts on Air
  • Air Pollutants
  • Factors Affecting Air Pollution
  • Acid Rain
  • Photochemical Smog
  • Depletion of the Ozone Layer
  • Controlling Air Pollution
  • 13.4. Impacts on Landforms
  • Landforms Produced by Excavation
  • Landforms Produced by Dumping
  • Subsidence
  • 13.5. Impacts on Plants and Animals
  • Habitat Loss or Alteration
  • Geography & Public Policy: Mountaintop Removal: Good or Bad?
  • Hunting and Commercial Exploitation
  • Introduction of Exotic Species
  • Poisoning and Contamination
  • Preserving Biodiversity
  • 13.6. Waste Disposal
  • Municipal Waste
  • Geography & Public Policy: Yucca Mountain
  • Hazardous and Radioactive Wastes.