http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
Altering wettability in gas condensate sandstone reservoirs for gas mobillity improvement
In gas-condensate reservoirs, production rate starts to decrease when retrograde condensation occurs. As the bottomhole pressure drops below the dewpoint, gascondensate and water buildup impede flow of gas to the surface. To stop the impairment of the well, many publications suggest wettability alteration to gas-wetting as a permanent solution to the problem. Previous simulation work suggests an "optimum wetting state" to exist where maximum gas condensate well productivity is reached. This work has direct application in gas-condensate reservoirs, especially in identifying the most effective stimulation treatment which can be designed to provide the optimum wetting conditions in the near-wellbore region. This thesis presents an extensive experimental study on Berea sandstone rocks treated with a fluorinated polymer. Various concentrations of the polymer are investigated to obtain the optimum alteration in wettability to intermediate gas-wet. This wetting condition is achieved with an 8% polymer solution treatment, which yields maximum gas mobility, ultimately increasing the relative permeability curves and allowing enhanced recovery from gas-condensate wells. The treatments are performed mainly at room conditions, and also under high pressure and high temperature, simulating the natural environment of a reservoir. Several experimental techniques are implemented to examine the effect of treatments on wettability. These include flow displacement tests and oil imbibitions. The experimental work took place in the Wettability Research Lab in Texas A&M University at Qatar in Doha, Qatar. The studies in this area are important to improve the productivity of gas-condensate reservoirs where liquid accumulates, decreasing production of the well. Efficiency in the extraction of natural gas is important for the economic and environmental considerations of the oil and gas industry. Wettability alteration is one of the newest stimulation methods proposed by researchers, and shows great potential for future research and field applications.
Master of Science Texas A&M University 2011 http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-05-9317