Transformations : women, gender, and psychology /

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Crawford, Mary (Mary E.)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Boston, Mass. : McGraw-Hill, [2006]
Edition:	1st ed.
Subjects:	Women > Psychology. Gender identity. Feminist psychology. Sex role. Sex differences (Psychology) Social change.

Table of Contents:

pt. 1. Introduction
1. Paving the way
Beginnings
How did the psychology of women get started?
Psychology and the women's movement
Voices from the margins : a history
What is feminism?
Feminism has many meanings
Is there a simple definition?
Methods and values in psychological research
Toward gender-fair research
Feminist values in research
About this book
A personal reflection
Exploring further
pt. 2. Gender in social context
2. Gender, status, and power
What is gender?
Gender shapes societies and cultures
Gender and power
Justifying gender inequality
Gender shapes social interactions
The cognitive impact of gender
Gender as a presentation of self
"Doing gender"
Gender shapes individuals
Identity, power, and gender differences
Sexist attitudes
Linking the levels of gender : a summary
The gender system and violence
Making a difference
Transforming ourselves
Transforming interpersonal relations
Transforming the structures of inequality
Exploring further
3. Images of women
Words can never hurt me?
Language about women and men
Language about violence
Worth a thousand words : media images
Representing women and men
Face-ism and sexualization
Diversity and the media
Invisible women
Do sexist images matter?
Language, imagery, and stereotypes about women and men
The content of gender stereotypes
Sexuality stereotypes
Race and social class stereotypes
Cross-cultural similarities and differences in gender stereotypes
Are stereotypes accurate?
The impact of stereotypes
Stereotypes, the self, and stereotype threat
Stereotypes, status, and power
Stereotypes and sexist behavior
Stereotypes are hard to change
The problem of pornography
What is "pornography"?
Pornography is pervasive
Stereotypes in pornography
Pornography as violence against women
Making a difference
Transforming language
Alternative images
How not to stereotype
Education and activism
Exploring further
4. The meanings of difference
The politics of difference and similarity
Defining difference and similarity
Measuring differences
Interpreting results : values and ideology in research
Gendering cognition : "girls can't do math"
What factors influence mathematics performance?
Social implications of gendered cognition
Gendering emotion : "boys don't cry"
Emotional stereotypes
Culture, ethnicity, and emotionality
Emotionality and social interaction
Emotion internalized
Social implications of gendered emotionality
Making a difference
The individual level : thinking critically
The interactional level : difference and discrimination
The sociocultura level : creating opportunities for equality
Cam similarities and differences be reconciled?
Exploring further
pt. 3. Gender and development
5. Sex, gender, and bodies
How does sex develop?
Sexual differentiation during fetal development
Variations in fetal development
Sex, gender identity, and gender typing
Growing up with Turner's syndrome
Androgen insensitivity and identity
The impact of CAH
Transsexualism
Sex and sexual orientation
Is there a gay gene?
Hormones and sexual orientation
Sex as a social construction
Constructing two sexes
Constructing transsexualism
Beyond the binary
More than two sexes
The transgender movement
Making a difference
Transforming society : equality for sexual minorities
Transforming ourselves : accepting biological and social diversity
Exploring further
6. Gendered identities : childhood and adolescence
Theories of gender development
Social learning theory
Cognitive theories
Gender in the child's daily life
Parental influences
Peer influences
Gendered environments
Media influences
Ethnicity, social class, and gender typing
Vulnerabilities of childhood
Childhood sexual abuse
Children and poverty
Leaving childhood behind : puberty and adolescence
Changing bodies
Gender intensification
Vulnerabilities of adolescence
Self-silencing and self-esteem
Peer culture and harassment
Making a difference
Transforming society : protecting children from abuse
Transforming social interactions
Transforming ourselves : resisting gender
Exploring further
7. In a woman's body / chapter contributed by Britain Scott
Bodily objectification of women
Origins of objectification
A biological basis for objectification?
Constructing gender through female bodies
Power and objectification : the male gaze
Objectification in popular culture
Beauty images and myths
Women's bodies as sexual entertainment
Distortion and dehumanization
Consequences of objectification for girls and women
The inside view : body image and self-esteem
The outside-in view : self- objectification
The outside view : women's bodies in social interaction
From object to subject : the embodied woman
The contradiction between femininity and physical activity
Constructing the femininity and heterosexuality of women athletes
Benefits of embodied experience for girls and women
Making a difference
Transforming society : challenging objectification
Transforming social interactions : seeing the woman in the body-- Transforming ourselves : education and embodiment
Exploring further
Web sites
pt. 4. Gendered life paths
8. Sex, love, and romance
How is sexuality shaped by culture?
What are sexual scripts?
How do sexual scripts differ across cultures?
Adolescent sexuality
How does sexuality emerge in the teen years?
What factors influence the decision to have sex?
Are teens having safer sex?
Experiencing sexuality
First intercourse : less than bliss?
How do women experience orgasm?
Evils of masturbation or joys of self-pleasure?
Lesbian and bisexual women
A social history of lesbianism
Defining sexual orientations
Developing a lesbian or bisexual identity
Romantic love and sexual pleasure
Romantic love as a cultural script
The experience of romantic love
Do romantic scripts affect women's sexual experiences?
Do romantic scripts lead to sexual dysfunction?
Sexuality in social context
Controlling women's sexuality
Attractiveness and sexual desirability
Disability and sexuality
Is sex talk sexist?
Studs and sluts : is there still a double standard?
Silencing women's desire
Violence in close relationships
Dating violence
Sexual coercion and acquaintance rape
Making a difference
Ending relationship violence
Sex as a subject, not an object
Exploring further
9. Commitments : women and close relationships
Marriage
Who marries and when?
Who marries whom?
"Marrying up" and "marrying down" : the marriage gradient
Varieties of marriage
Power in marriage
Happily ever after? Marital satisfaction and psychological adjustment
What make a marriage last?
Lesbian couples
Lesbian and heterosexual couples compared
What are the characteristics of enduring lesbian relationships?
Power in lesbian relationships
Satisfaction in lesbian relationships
Cohabiting couples
Who cohabits and why?
Does living together affect later marriage?
Ending the commitment : divorce and separation
What are the causes and consequences of divorce?
Breaking up : when relationships end without divorce
Remarriage
Domestic violence : the psychological and physical abuse of women
Recognizing a hidden problem
Making a difference
Ending domestic violence
Equality and commitment
Exploring further
10. Mothering
Images of mothers and motherhood
The decision to have a child
Why do women choose to have children?
The motherhood mandate
Childless by choice or circumstance?
How does society restrict women's choices?
Technology and choice
The transition to motherhood
How does motherhood change work and marital roles?
Do mothers face impossible ideals?
Sexuality and motherhood
Psychological effects of bodily changes during pregnancy
How do others react to pregnant women?
Motherhood and women's identity
The event of childbirth
How is the meaning of childbirth socially constructed?
Is childbirth a medical crisis?
Family-centered childbirth
Depression following childbirth : why?
Experiences of mothering
Teen mothers
Single mothers
Black mothers and the matriarchal myth
Lesbian mothers
Commonalities
Making a difference
Transforming social policy : redefining family values
Transforming social meanings : redefining parenthood
Exploring further
11. Work and achievement
If she isn't pad, is it still work?
Housework : the double day
Relational work : keeping everybody happy
Status work : the two-person career
What are the costs and benefits of invisible work?
Working hard for a living : women in the paid workforce
Sex segregation
Women's work as extension of family roles : "it's only natural"
The wage gap
Doing gender in the workplace
Attributions for success and failure
Devaluing women's performance
Discrimination in hiring and promotion
Social reactions to token women
Role models and mentors
Leadership : do women do it differently?
Sexual harassment from nine to five
Defining sexual harassment
The prevalence of harassment
What are the causes of harassment?
The consequences of harassment
Women's career development : are there obstacles from within?
Do women have different values and interests?
Are women less motivated to achieve?
Exceptional work lives
Achievement in the professions
Blue-collar women
Putting it all together : work and family
What are the costs of the balancing act?
What are the benefits of the balancing act?
Making a difference : women, work, and social policy
Exploring further
12. The second half : midlife and aging
Not just a number : the social meanings of age
Is there a double standard of aging?
Ageism
Cross-cultural differences
Self-identity and social identity
Images of older women
Invisibility
Grannies and witches : stereotypes of older women
The effects of age stereotypes
In an aging woman's body
Physical health in middle and later life
Menopause and hormone replacement therapy
Constructing the object of desire
Exercise, sport, and fitness
Sexuality in middle and later life
Relationships : Continuity and change
Friends and family
Becoming a grandmother
Caregiving : its costs and rewards
Work and achievement
Women in their prime
Retirement
Vulnerabilities of middle and later life
Loss of a life partner
Poverty
Elder abuse
Making a difference
Transforming society : elder activism
Transforming social interaction : taking charge of the second half
Transforming ourselves : resisting ageism
Exploring further
pt. 5. Gender and well being
13. Psychological disorders, therapy, and women's well-being / chapter contributed by Britain Scott
Sexist bias in defining disorders
The social construction of abnormality
Women's behavior as abnormal
The diagnostic and statistical manual (DSM)
Blaming women for distress and disorders
Gender-linked psychological disorders
Why are there sex-related differences in the rates of some disorders?
Which disorders are diagnosed more frequently in women?
Sexist bias in the treatment of psychological disorders
Institutionalizing women
Mediating women
Traditional psychotherapy
Feminist therapy
Conducting feminist therapy
Feminist therapy for a diversity of women
Evaluating feminist therapy
Making a difference
Transforming ourselves : finding a feminist therapist
Transforming social relations : challenging the "crazy woman" stereotype
Transforming society : promoting women's psychological well-being
Exploring further
Films
14. Making a difference : toward a better future for women
Contemporary feminism
The backlash against feminism
Negative images of feminists
Feminism as a "woman's problem"
Women's attitudes toward feminism
Feminist psychology and social change
The changing face of psychology
Image a world...
What can one student do?