Table of Contents:
  • Introduction
  • Opioids in pain management
  • Cholecystokinin
  • Cholecystokinin as a gut peptide
  • Cholecystokinin as a central nervous system peptide
  • Central effect of cholecystokinin
  • Factors that increase central cholecystokinin representation
  • Cholecystokinin as an antiopioid peptide
  • Cholecystokinin receptor antagonists
  • Do cholecystokinin antagonists influence opioid-derived antinociception?
  • Do CCK antagonists reduce tolerance to the antinociceptive effects of opioids?
  • Is the combination of opioids and CCK antagonists safe?
  • Human studies of the combination of CCK antagonists and opioids
  • Other potential uses of CCK antagonists
  • Conclusions.