Table of Contents:
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Outline history of the monopoly. Background. The establishment of the monopoly. Criticism and disputation. The reforms of Wang Mang. The Eastern Han period
  • 3. Discourses on salt and iron. The State and the forces of Nature. The scale of industrial production. The blessings of wealth. The body politic. Calculation
  • 4. The administration of the iron monopoly. The Iron Offices. The archaeology of the Iron Offices. Management. Labour
  • 5. Reasons for the monopoly, reasons for opposition. State finance. Contraband trade. Control of the wealthy. Product quality. Environmental issues. The trade cycle
  • 6. The technology of the Iron Offices. Blast furnaces. Cupola furnaces. The bellows. Fining hearths
  • 7. Concluding remarks
  • Table 1. Locations of Iron Offices
  • Table 2. Archaeological evidence of Han and pre-Han ironworks.