http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
In-situ remediation of naturally occurring radioactive materials with high-permeability hydraulic fracturing
are NORM. Until now, for the Gulf of Mexico at least,
can be so radioactive that it can only be stored in toxic
change this. In the North Sea the regulations are already
concentrations, can remove NORM readily for several years
considerable disposal problem. In the petroleum industry,
contaminated waters with specially designed filters, which in
detectors. However, they have proven carcinogens, and the US
disposal problem. A high-permeability fracture design is
effective alternative to the current treatment method for
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is threatening to
Environmental Protection Agency has set a limit on the
established in the petroleum industry, is the recommended
formations. Whenever fluids from petroleum or water
from typical flow rates containing typical NORM
inside the well or surface pipes. When scale is removed, it
introducing within the proppant pack highly selective
maximum contaminated level of any stream. Until now, the
NORM become concentrated in the scale that is deposited
NORM before they are produced, and thus, eliminate the
Occurring Radioactive Materials, NORM, and describes an
preferred method of treatment was to remove NORM from
presented which modifies existing petroleum practices by
produced water has been released into the ocean, but the
quantities. NORM can only be sensed with radiation
radionuclide sorbents. These sorbents, at calculated
reservoirs are produced NORM are present in varying
sites. Additionally, as water is produced along with oil, so
stricter. There is then a compelling motivation to remove
technique. NORM are found throughout subterranean
their removal. High-pen-meability fracturing, recently
This thesis addresses the problem of removal of Naturally
treat the water themselves become highly radioactive with a
turn create a new problem. The same filters that are used to
Issued also on microfiche from Lange Micrographics.
Includes bibliographical references: pages 53-54.