| Abstract: | Phylogenetic analysis using HENNIG86 was performed on a combined matrix of 67 larval and adult characters for 45 species of Tephritidae. The following relationships are supported: Trypetinae (Toxotrypanini, Adramini, Trypetini) is the sister group to the remainder of the Tephritidae, and Dacinae (Dacini, Ceratitini) is the sister group to Tephritinae s.l. (Myopitini, Terelliini, Oedaspidini, Tephritini). Within Trypetini, the subtribes Trypetina and Carpomyina are well-supported by larval characters. Within Trypetina, Blepharoneura sp. is the sister taxon to Pliorecepta poeciloptera + Strauzia longipennis + Euleia fratria. In the Carpomyina, Rhagoletis suavis, then R. striata + Zonosemata vittigera + Z. electa were derived in that order; relationships among the remainder of the Carpomyina were inconsistent among analyses. Dacini and Ceratitini were shown to be sister groups, largely on the basis of larval characters. Within Dacini, taxa were derived in the following order: Bactrocera oleae, B. latifrons, B. tryoni, B. dorsalis, B. cucurbitae. In Ceratitini, relationships among Ceratitis capitata, C. rosa, and T. coffeae were unresolved. The monophyly of Tephritinae s.l. is supported, with taxa derived in the following order: Myopitini, Terelliini, Oedaspidini, Tephritini, with Oedaspidini paraphyletic. Immature stages of Anastrepha ludens (Loew) were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. All immature stages of A. ludens are redescribed, discrepancies in existing keys and descriptions are resolved, and new characters of possible taxonomic use are presented to provide a basis for future descriptions of larvae of other tephritid species. The range of variation in key characters of all instars of A. ludens is discussed. Descriptions of characters visible by scanning electron microscopy are provided for 38 additional species of Tephritidae. The arrangement of sensilla on the head and caudal segment of tephritids is discussed in relation to that of other Cyclorrhapha. A consistent terminology for the sensilla of the caudal region is provided. |
|---|