http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
Numerical study of movement of an icebreaking tanker moored to an offshore SPM terminal in Arctic condition
The indentor shape plays an important role in reducing ice load. To dissipate ice kinetic energy, the various indentor shapes are investigated. The shape factors of wedge indentor for crushing, splitting and combined failure modes are studied. The maximum indentor wedge angle, a. for different diameters at diverse ice attack angles β are obtained in crushing mode. The ice crushing force on the optimized single wedge is found to be around 30% less than the force on the cylindrical indentor. Ice failure modes can be classified by any combinations of failure modes. Single failure mode rarely occurs in nature: but several failure modes can occur at the same time. To estimate the ice forces for combined failure modes, two methods are introduced, proportional failure method and local ice boundary method. Based on above two methods, the ice forces are predicted and compared with measured data from Hans Island and with calculated values from the typical crushing formula. Also, the two methods arc applied to estimate ice forces on the tanker connected to an Single Point Mooring terminal. The ice vanning motions of the tanker due to a level ice are studied. The numerical output are compared with the experimental results.