http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
Genomic analysis of the major bovine milk protein genes
implications for the evolution of mammalian syntenic groups
The genomic arrangement of the major bovine milk protein genes has been determined using a combination of physical mapping techniques. The major milk proteins consist of the four caseins, α (subscript S1) (CASAS1), α (subscript S2) (CASAS2), β (CASB), and k (CASK), as well as the two major whey proteins, a-lactalbumin (LALBA) and (Hactoglobulin (LGB). A panel of bovine X hamster hybrid somatic cells analyzed for the presence or absence of bovine specific restriction fragments revealed the genes coding for the major milk proteins to reside on three chromosomes. The four caseins were assigned to syntenic group U15 with peptidase S (PEPS) and phosphoglucomutase 2 (PGM2) and localized to bovine chromosome 6 at q31-33 by in situ hybridization. LALBA segregated with the HSA 12 marker, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD) of syntenic group U3, while LGB segregated with the HSA 9 marker, the ABL oncogene of syntenic group U16. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis confirmed genetic mapping results indicating tight linkage of the casein genes. The four genes reside on less than 200kb of DNA in the order CASAS2-CASAS1- CASB-CASK. A syntenic analysis of HSA 9 and HSA 12 homologs in the bovine using bovine X hamster and bovine X mouse hybrid somatic cells was performed to determine the extent of genomic conservation surrounding (3-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin, respectively. The HSA 9 markers, Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog (ABL), argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS), and glucose regulated protein 78KD (GRP78) were assigned to syntenic group U16 while aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), aldolase B (ALDOB), complement component 5 (C5), gelsolin (GSN), glycoprotein-4-beta-galactosyl-transferase 2 (GGTB2), and inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (ITI) were assigned to syntenic group U18. The HSA 12 loci, alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M), glioma-associated oncogene homolog (GLI), homeo box region 3 (HOX3), murine virus tumor integration site oncogene homolog (INT1), Kirsten rat sarcoma 2 viral oncogene homolog (KRAS2), neurokinin B (NKNB), and phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) were assigned to bovine syntenic group U3. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) was assigned to the previously unidentified syntenic group U26. The syntenic arrangement of 78 autosomal loci in humans, cattle, and mice was used to speculate on the involvement of common fragile sites in the evolution of extant mammalian genomes.